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10-10-2020 |
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CLI – Command Line Interface |
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CLI – Command Line Interface
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What is root |
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root – Administrator – Super user - Root user has full access - Root user cannot be renamed - Never share the password with anybody - Don’t put in email, chats or text messages, don’t share it |
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/root - Root user home directory or - When root user logs in to system this is his landing space |
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/ - Root directory - This is the topmost directory
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File = file Directory = Folder For Linux a file and a directory is also file |
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pwd |
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pwd - Print working directory - Present working directory [root@localhost ~]# pwd /root |
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clear |
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clear - Clears the screen |
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input |
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|
Input [root@localhost ~]# pwd < ---input command to OS |
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output |
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Output /root < --- Response from OS |
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cd |
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|
cd - allows you to change the directory [root@localhost ~]# cd / [root@localhost /]# |
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cd - Simply type cd and hit enter - You jump back to home directory [root@localhost /]# cd [root@localhost ~]# |
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ls |
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ls - this command list the content of the pwd directory [root@localhost ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg |
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ls –l - long list switch with ls command - it provides the details of the list contents [root@localhost ~]# ls -l total 4 -rw-------. 1 root root 1407 Oct 4 16:07 anaconda-ks.cfg |
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Ls –a - shows you the list of files as well as hidden files/ folder - hidden file or folder starts with . (period) . anaconda-ks.cfg .bash_logout .bashrc .tcshrc .. .bash_history .bash_profile .cshrc |
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ls –la - this combination of command provides the long list with hidden files [root@localhost ~]# ls -la total 28 dr-xr-x---. 2 root root 135 Oct 4 16:57 . dr-xr-xr-x. 17 root root 224 Oct 4 15:50 .. -rw-------. 1 root root 1407 Oct 4 16:07 anaconda-ks.cfg -rw-------. 1 root root 209 Oct 4 17:54 .bash_history -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 18 Dec 28 2013 .bash_logout -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 Dec 28 2013 .bash_profile -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 176 Dec 28 2013 .bashrc -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 100 Dec 28 2013 .cshrc -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 129 Dec 28 2013 .tcshrc |
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history |
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|
history - displays the history of commands you been using [root@localhost ~]# history 1 ip a 2 cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ 3 ls 4 vi ifcfg-enp0s3 5 clear 6 ls 7 vi ifcfg-enp0s3 8 clear 9 ls 10 vi ifcfg-enp0s8 11 vi ifcfg-enp0s9 12 vi ifcfg-enp0s3 13 clear 14 ls 15 ls -l 16 clear 17 init 6 18 ip a 19 init 0 20 ip a 21 whoami 22 ls 23 lsblk 24 init 0 25 clear 26 pwd 27 clear 28 pwd 29 clear 30 pwd 31 cd / 32 cd 33 ls 34 ls -l 35 ls -a 36 clear 37 ls -a 38 ls -la 39 clear 40 history |
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!34 - run the specific command number from the history [root@localhost ~]# !34 ls -l total 4 -rw-------. 1 root root 1407 Oct 4 16:07 anaconda-ks.cfg |
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Multiple Commands |
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|
Run multiple command ; [root@localhost ~]# ls -la;pwd;cd / |
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touch |
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|
touch - it create a file for you [root@localhost ~]# touch file1 [root@localhost ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg file1 [root@localhost ~]# ls -l total 4 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 10 16:20 file1 < --- creates file |
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touch file2 file3 file4 - Create multiple files [root@localhost ~]# touch file2 file3 file4 [root@localhost ~]# ls anaconda-ks.cfg file1 file2 file3 file4 [root@localhost ~]# ls -l total 4 -rw-------. 1 root root 1407 Oct 4 16:07 anaconda-ks.cfg -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 10 16:20 file1 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 10 16:26 file2 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 10 16:26 file3 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 10 16:26 file4 |
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touch .file5 - Creates a hidden file [root@localhost ~]# ls –la -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 10 16:27 .file5 < --- Hidden file is created |
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mkdir |
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|
mkdir folder1 - Creates the folder with specified name in pwd [root@localhost ~]# mkdir folder1 [root@localhost ~]# ls –l drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 10 16:29 folder1 |
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mkdir folder2 folder3 folder4 - Creates multiple folders -
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 10 16:29 folder1 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 10 16:33 folder2 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 10 16:33 folder3 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 10 16:33 folder4 |
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[root@localhost ~]# yum install tree -y |
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mkdir -p redhat/whitehat/blackhat - Create directory inside directory - -p means parent directory - This will also check the existing directory, it ignores it its already there [root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p redhat/whitehat/blackhat [root@localhost ~]# tree . ├── anaconda-ks.cfg ├── file1 ├── file2 ├── file3 ├── file4 ├── folder1 ├── folder2 ├── folder3 ├── folder4 └── redhat └── whitehat └── blackhat 7 directories, 5 files |
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Changing directory using cd - Changes the directory [root@localhost ~]# cd redhat/whitehat/blackhat/ |
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Tab key auto completes the file or directory |
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[root@localhost blackhat]# pwd /root/redhat/whitehat/blackhat |
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cd [root@localhost blackhat]# cd [root@localhost ~]# pwd /root < ---takes you back to home directory |
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|
Jump to previous working directory [root@localhost ~]# cd - /root/redhat/whitehat/blackhat < ---Takes you back to previous working directory |
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|
[root@localhost blackhat]# ls -la total 0 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Oct 10 16:40 . < --- Single dot is link to its self drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 22 Oct 10 16:40 .. < --- two dots are link to parent directory |
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|
. - This is representation of present working directory - It is a link to current working directory - Hidden |
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.. - This the representation of parent directory - This will take you back one level up directory - Hidden |
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cd .. [root@localhost ~]# cd redhat/whitehat/blackhat/ /root/redhat/whitehat/blackhat [root@localhost blackhat]# cd .. [root@localhost whitehat]# pwd /root/redhat/whitehat [root@localhost whitehat]# cd .. [root@localhost redhat]# pwd /root/redhat |
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[root@localhost redhat]# cd whitehat/blackhat/ [root@localhost blackhat]# pwd /root/redhat/whitehat/blackhat [root@localhost blackhat]# cd ../../.. [root@localhost ~]# pwd /root |
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Relative Path |
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|
Relative path └── redhat └── whitehat └── blackhat [root@localhost ~]# cd redhat/whitehat/blackhat/ < ---used relative to go in the directory ‘blackhat’ [root@localhost blackhat]# pwd /root/redhat/whitehat/blackhat |
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Absolute Path |
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|
Absolute path /root/redhat/whitehat/blackhat [root@localhost blackhat]# cd /root/redhat [root@localhost redhat]# pwd /root/redhat |
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|
pwd provides you absolute path of the present working directory |
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|
remove |
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|
rm - Removes the file [root@localhost ~]# rm anaconda-ks.cfg rm: remove regular file ‘anaconda-ks.cfg’? y |
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|
rm –rf - Removes file forcefully without confirmation [root@localhost ~]# rm -rf file1 |
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|
Wild Card * |
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|
Wild card [root@localhost ~]# rm -rf fi* [root@localhost ~]# ls folder1 folder2 folder3 folder4 redhat [root@localhost ~]# rm -rf fo* [root@localhost ~]# ls Redhat |
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Removing folder [root@localhost ~]# rm folder1 rm: cannot remove ‘folder1’: Is a directory < --- Folder has delete protection [root@localhost ~]# rm -rf folder1/ [root@localhost ~]# ls -rf – recursively and forcefully |
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|
Remove hidden files and folders [root@localhost ~]# ls -a . .bash_history .bash_profile .cshrc .tcshrc .. .bash_logout .bashrc .file5 [root@localhost ~]# rm -rf .* rm: refusing to remove ‘.’ or ‘..’ directory: skipping ‘.’ < ---this will not be removed rm: refusing to remove ‘.’ or ‘..’ directory: skipping ‘..’ < ---this will not be removed [root@localhost ~]# ls -a . .. |
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|
copy |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
cp - Copy files and folders to specified location - You can use absolute and relative path to copy |
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|
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p redhat/whitehat/blackhat [root@localhost ~]# tree . ├── file1 ├── file2 └── redhat └── whitehat └── blackhat 3 directories, 2 files |
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[root@localhost ~]# cp file1 redhat/whitehat/blackhat/ [root@localhost ~]# tree . ├── file1 ├── file2 └── redhat └── whitehat └── blackhat └── file1 3 directories, 3 files |
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|
cp file1 redhat/whitehat/blackhat/
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|
cp file2 /root/redhat/whitehat/ - Copy using ablsoute path [root@localhost ~]# cp file2 /root/redhat/whitehat/ [root@localhost ~]# tree . ├── file1 ├── file2 └── redhat └── whitehat ├── blackhat │ └── file1 └── file2 |
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|
10-11-2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kluWB4pAuns |
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|
-bash-4.2# cp /etc/skel/.b* /root cp /etc/skel/.b* . [root@localhost ~]# ls -a . .bash_history .bash_profile file1 redhat .. .bash_logout .bashrc file2 |
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|
[root@localhost ~]# tree . └── redhat └── whitehat ├── blackhat │ └── file1 └── file2 |
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|
Copy files from foreign directory [root@localhost ~]# cp redhat/whitehat/file2 . < ---using relative path [root@localhost ~]# ls file2 redhat [root@localhost ~]# cp /root/redhat/whitehat/blackhat/file1 /root < ---using absolute path [root@localhost ~]# ls file1 file2 redhat |
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|
[root@localhost ~]# cd redhat/whitehat/ [root@localhost whitehat]# cp file2 ../.. < ---Using relative path [root@localhost whitehat]# cd [root@localhost ~]# ls file1 file2 redhat |
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|
Copy directory [root@localhost ~]# cp -rf redhat ibm < --- -rf is needed for directory, recursively, force [root@localhost ~]# ls file1 file2 ibm redhat [root@localhost ~]# tree . ├── file1 ├── file2 ├── ibm │
└── whitehat │ ├── blackhat │ │
└── file1 │ └── file2 └──
redhat └── whitehat ├── blackhat │
└── file1 └── file2 6 directories, 6 files |
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|
Copy directory into another directory [root@localhost ~]# mkdir archive [root@localhost ~]# cp -rf ibm archive [root@localhost ~]# ls -l archive/ total 0 drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 22 Oct 11 15:59 ibm [root@localhost ~]# ls archive/ ibm [root@localhost ~]# cd archive/ [root@localhost archive]# ls Ibm |
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|
Move |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Moving file [root@localhost ~]# ls archive file1 file2 ibm redhat [root@localhost ~]# mv file1 archive
[root@localhost ~]# ls archive file2 ibm redhat [root@localhost ~]# cd archive/ [root@localhost archive]# ls file1 ibm |
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|
Moving directory [root@localhost archive]# cd [root@localhost ~]# mv -f redhat archive
[root@localhost ~]# ls archive file2 ibm |
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|
Rename |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Renaming file [root@localhost ~]# mv file2 xfile
[root@localhost ~]# ls archive ibm xfile |
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|
Renaming directory [root@localhost ~]# mv ibm aws
[root@localhost ~]# ls archive aws xfile |
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|
man |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
man [root@localhost ~]# man What manual page do you want? man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals |
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|
echo |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
echo - Repeats after the command and displays on screen [root@localhost ~]# echo [root@localhost ~]# echo this is linux course this is linux course [root@localhost ~]# echo this is linux course and I am enjoying this course this is linux course and I am enjoying this course |
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|
Redirectors |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Redirectors
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
1> [root@localhost ~]# echo this is linux course 1> file1
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
0< [root@localhost ~]# cat 0< file1 < --- 0< is a input redirection this is linux course
[root@localhost ~]# cat < file1 < --- < is a input redirection this is linux course [root@localhost ~]# cat file1 < --- is a input redirection this is linux course final word: you don’t really need to specify 0< or <, the system will automatically read the file |
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|
2> - This will catch only the errors and redirects to the file - You can also redirect errors to /dev/null – discarded location, not retrievable [root@localhost ~]# dfkjlks -bash: dfkjlks: command not found [root@localhost ~]# dfkjlks 2>/dev/null |
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|
cat |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
cat – concatenate - Most basic use is to read a file Read the file [root@localhost ~]# cat file1 this is linux course read multiple files at the same time [root@localhost ~]# cat file1 file2 this is linux course ls: cannot access nothing: No such file or directory redirect the output another file [root@localhost ~]# cat file1 file2 > file3 < --- redirects using >, over writes existing content also creates new file if does not exits [root@localhost ~]# cat file3 this is linux course ls: cannot access nothing: No such file or directory Add to [root@localhost ~]# cat file1 file2 >> file3 < --- user double >> to add to file [root@localhost ~]# cat file3 this is linux course ls: cannot access nothing: No such file or directory this is linux course ls: cannot access nothing: No such file or directory |
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|
Enter into quick edit mode [root@localhost ~]# cat > file4 <--- over rides the content, also create new file if it does not exits This is line1 this is line2 this is line3 [root@localhost ~]# cat file4 This is line1 this is line2 this is line3 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Add additional lines [root@localhost ~]# cat >> file4 < ---add additional lines this is line4 this is line5 [root@localhost ~]# cat file4 This is line1 this is line2 this is line3 this is line4 this is line5 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
grep |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
grep - Filters the line with matching word in it [root@localhost ~]# cat file4 This is line1 this is line2 this is line3 this is line4 this is line5 This is Linux This is Redhat Linux This is linux course this is interesting [root@localhost ~]# cat file4 | grep linux < ---greps match, case sensitive This is linux course [root@localhost ~]# cat file4 | grep -i linux < ---ignores the case This is Linux This is Redhat Linux This is linux course |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
You can use grep directly without cat [root@localhost ~]# grep -i linux file4 This is Linux This is Redhat Linux This is linux course |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
pipe |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
| - Pipe is used for running multiple commands -
- Primary command | secondary command | third command [root@localhost ~]# cat file4 This is line1 this is line2 this is line3 this is line4 this is line5 This is Linux This is Redhat Linux This is linux course this is interesting [root@localhost ~]# cat file4 | grep -i linux This is Linux This is Redhat Linux This is linux course [root@localhost ~]# cat file4 | grep -i linux | grep Red This is Redhat Linux Multiple word search [root@localhost ~]# cat file4 | grep -i 'linux\|line4' this is line4 This is Linux This is Redhat Linux This is linux course |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
wc |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
wc - This is a word count -
[root@localhost ~]# wc file4 9 29 146 file4
[root@localhost ~]# cat file4 This is line1 this is line2 this is line3 this is line4 this is line5 This is Linux This is Redhat Linux This is linux course this is interesting [root@localhost ~]# wc -l file4 < --- -l is for lines 9 file4 [root@localhost ~]# wc -c file4 < --- -c is for characters 146 file4 [root@localhost ~]# wc -w file4 < --- -w is for words 29 file4 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
head |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Head - Read top ten lines of the file [root@localhost ~]# head file4 This is line1 this is line2 this is line3 this is line4 this is line5 This is Linux This is Redhat Linux This is linux course this is interesting this is line10 [root@localhost ~]# head -5 file4 [root@localhost ~]# head -12 file4 [root@localhost ~]# head -100 error.log |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
tail |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Tail - This command reads bottow ten lines [root@localhost ~]# tail file4 this is line5 This is Linux This is Redhat Linux This is linux course this is interesting this is line10 this is line11 this is line12 this is line13 this si line14 [root@localhost ~]# tail -5 file4 [root@localhost ~]# tail -12 file4 [root@localhost ~]# tail -100 error.log |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
more |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
more - Primary use is to read huge file - This will load the entire file into memory - Use ‘enter’ on keyboard to scroll line by line - Use ‘spacebar’ on keyboard to scroll page by page - ‘q’ to quit the file - Not good when memory is low /var/log [root@localhost log]# more messages |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
less |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Less - This is similar to more command - But it will only load the output as needed into memory - Use ‘enter’ on keyboard to scroll line by line - Use ‘spacebar’ on keyboard to scroll page by page - ‘q’ to quit the file - good when memory is low /var/log [root@localhost log]# less messages |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
sort |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Sort - sorts the file alphabetically [root@localhost ~]# sort file5 [root@localhost ~]# sort -n file5 < --- sorts using numbers |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
uniq |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Uniq - removes duplicates -
[root@localhost ~]# cat > file5 apple apple berry berry strawberry pineapple pineapple mango [root@localhost ~]# uniq file5 apple berry strawberry pineapple mango |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
date |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Date [root@localhost ~]# date Sat Oct 17 15:25:19 EDT 2020 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
cal |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Cal [root@localhost ~]# cal October 2020 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 [root@localhost ~]# cal 12 1969 December 1969 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
who |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
who - Displays users logged into system -
[zafar@assignment01 ~]$ who zafar pts/0 2020-10-17 15:29 (73.110.42.133) adil pts/1 2020-10-17 15:34 (162-226-246-197.lightspeed.cicril.sbcglobal.net) zafar pts/2 2020-10-17 15:34 (73.110.42.133) |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
last |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
last - Displays the login and reboot [root@localhost ~]# last root tty1 Sat Oct 17 14:59 sti root pts/0 192.168.56.1 Sat Oct 17 14:59 sti reboot system boot 3.10.0-1062.el7. Sat Oct 17 14:57 - 15: |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
free |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Free –h - Displays the System RAM and SWAP[virtual memory] information [root@localhost ~]# free -h total used free shared buff/cache available Mem: 991M 142M 744M 6.8M 103M 723M Swap: 1.6G 0B 1.6G |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
du |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
du - Disk usage information of the file or folder [root@localhost ~]# du -h file4 4.0K file4 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
top |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Top - Displays the real time information about the system - Cpu, memory, processes top - 15:51:08 up 53 min, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05 Tasks: 99 total, 2 running, 97 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 0.3 us, 0.7 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.0 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st KiB Mem : 1014824 total, 761684 free, 146624 used, 106516 buff/cache KiB Swap: 1679356 total, 1679356 free, 0 used. 740012 avail Mem PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 1868 root 20 0 161888 2172 1544 R 0.7 0.2 0:00.34 top 25 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.3 0.0 0:04.63 kworker/0:1 1 root 20 0 127964 6536 4108 S 0.0 0.6 0:01.97 systemd |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
lscpu |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Lscpu - List the number of CPU system has [root@assignment01 ~]# lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 2 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
which |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Which - Displays if the command or package is installed [root@localhost ~]# which tree /usr/bin/tree [root@localhost ~]# which firefox < ---Not installed /usr/bin/which: no firefox in (/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/.local/bin:/root/bin) |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
gzip |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Gzip - Zips and compresses the file - It adds the extension with .gz [root@localhost ~]# gzip error.log [root@localhost ~]# du -h error.log.gz 4.0K error.log.gz |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
gunzip |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Gunzip - Unzips and uncompresses the file [root@localhost ~]# gunzip error.log.gz [root@localhost ~]# ls -l total 92 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 72295 Oct 11 17:30 error.log |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
tar |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
Tar - It saves the folder to single file - It does not compress the tar file - It keeps the orginal folder and creates is a new file [root@localhost ~]# mkdir folder1 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
[root@localhost folder1]# ls -lh total 4.6M -rw-------. 1 root root 4.6M Oct 17 16:12 messages [root@localhost folder1]# cp messages messages2 [root@localhost folder1]# cp messages messages4 [root@localhost folder1]# cp messages messages3 [root@localhost folder1]# cp messages messages5 |
|||||||||||||||||||
|
[root@localhost ~]# du -h folder1/ 23M folder1/ |
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[root@localhost ~]# tar -cvf folder1.tar folder1 folder1/ folder1/messages folder1/messages2 folder1/messages4 folder1/messages3 folder1/messages5 -cvf for the folder |
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drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 90 Oct 17 16:13 folder1 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 24074240 Oct 17 16:18 folder1.tar |
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- This makes copying or moving folder easy - This keeps the data integrity of the content, especially copied over network *** you can used gzip and gunzip to compress and uncompress the folder |
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[root@localhost ~]# gzip folder1.tar [root@localhost ~]# du -h fo* 23M folder1 1.3M folder1.tar.gz |
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stat |
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Stat - Displays detailed information [root@localhost ~]# stat file1 File: ‘file1’ Size: 21 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file Device: fd00h/64768d Inode: 16797776 Links: 1 Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Context: unconfined_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0 Access: 2020-10-17 16:26:24.332018946 -0400 Modify: 2020-10-11 16:37:25.730845836 -0400 Change: 2020-10-11 16:37:25.730845836 -0400 Birth: - |
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inode |
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Inode - It is table on the disk holding the file information - Owner of the file - Group of the file - Type of the file - Permissions - Date and time of the file modified and accessed - Number of links - Size of the file - Block information To find inode of a file [root@localhost ~]# ls -i file1 16797776 file1 |
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Block Information |
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Block information One bit is bit = 1 bit Eight bit is byte = 1 byte Kilo bytes = 1024 = 1 kilo byte 4096 bytes = 4kb
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find |
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Find - It fins the files in specified directory - You can use absolute or relative path - You can use name or inode number Using name [root@localhost ~]# find / -name file1 /root/file1 /root/folder1/file1 [root@localhost ~]# find / -inum 16797776 < --- Using inum /root/file1 |
